ENVIRONMENTAL, THERMOREGULATORY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF HORSES: IMPLICATIONS OF HEAT STRESS

Climate change and the increased frequency of heat events have amplified the challenges related to maintaining thermal homeostasis in equines, making heat stress a growing concern for the health, well-being, and performance of these animals. This study addresses the main factors contributing to thermal stress in equines, including the influence of climatic conditions and facilities, thermoregulation mechanisms, and the physiological responses triggered by heat exposure. When the thermal load exceeds the capacity for heat dissipation, changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and biochemical alterations are observed, along with hematological and behavioral modifications that compromise homeostasis. The persistence of these changes is associated with reduced performance, harm to well-being, and increased susceptibility to metabolic and reproductive disorders. These studies also highlight management strategies, such as water cooling and monitoring environmental and physiological parameters, which help reduce the effects of heat on the animals. It is concluded that the integration of environment, physiology, and management is essential to prevent thermal stress and promote better health and performance in horses.